(a) : For R1: Let a = 2 + ,b = 2 − ,c = 25/4 ∴ aR1b ⇒ a2 + b2 = (2 + )2 + (2 − )2 = 12 ∈ QbR1c ⇒ b2 + c2 = (2 − )2 + ( 25/4 )2 = 6 ∈ QaR1c ⇒ a2 + c2 = (2 + )2 + ( 23/4 )2 = 6 + 8Q ∴ R1 is not transitive For R2 : Let a = 23/2,b = 33/4,c = 1 Then, aR2b ⇒ a2 + b2 = ( 23/2 )2 + ( 33/4 )2 = 8 + 3 ∈/ Q bR2c ⇒ b2 + c2 = ( 33/4 )2 + (1)2 = 3 + 1 ∈/ QaR2c ⇒ a2 + c2 = ( 23/2 )2 + (1)2 = 8 + 1 = 9 in Q ∴ R2 is not transitive.